Dig Trace Team

Port forwarding maps internet traffic from a public IP and port to a private device. Learn how it works, when to use it, and security trade-offs.

A router connects networks at Layer 3 using IP addresses. A switch connects devices within a LAN at Layer 2 using MAC addresses. Learn the key differences.

Learn what ICMP is, how it works, and why the Internet Control Message Protocol matters for network diagnostics and troubleshooting.

A subnet mask splits an IP address into network and host portions. Learn how it works, how to read one, and why it matters.

A MAC address is a unique hardware ID assigned to network interfaces. Learn how it works, how it differs from an IP address, and why randomization matters.

Learn what the dig command is, how it queries DNS servers directly, and why it's the standard tool for network troubleshooting.

SSL/TLS encrypts internet traffic, authenticates servers, and ensures data integrity between clients and servers using modern protocols TLS 1.2 and 1.3.

Ping is a network diagnostic utility that tests host reachability and measures latency using ICMP echo requests and replies.

Learn how public and private IP addresses differ, how NAT translates between them, and what CGNAT and IPv6 mean for your network.

An IP address is a unique network identifier. Learn what an IP address is, how IPv4 and IPv6 differ, and how to find your public IP address instantly.

Learn how to benchmark internet speed accurately, interpret latency-under-load, spot bufferbloat, and choose the right tool for real network diagnostics.

An internet speed test measures download, upload, latency, and jitter between your device and a test server. Learn how it works and how to read results.